AAV-Based Gene Therapy: Opportunities, Risks, and Scale-Up Strategies

Currently, the development of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is a promising method for treating various diseases and is gaining increasing popularity. However, the use of AAV has certain drawbacks and faces limitations such as immune responses and an increased risk of insertional mutagenesis, which have not always been adequately considered in the context of AAV therapy. Moreover, a significant limitation for the application of AAV lies in the challenge of producing it in large quantities. This article discusses the use of AAV in treating various diseases, reviews AAV production approaches, highlights challenges with insufficient viral titers during production, and explores potential solutions at key stages of AAV drug production. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.