Biotechnological and Sustainable Approaches to Climate-Resilient Agriculture

Climate change presents challenges to agriculture globally, necessitating to develop resilient production systems to safeguard food security, farm incomes and environmental sustainability. This review synthesises current strategies to raise climate resilience, with a focus on climate-smart agricultural practices, the selection and planting of stress-tolerant crop varieties and efficient water management. The review provides a critical analysis of biotechnological tools including gene editing through CRISPR-cas9 and marker-assisted selection that enable rapid development of region-specific crop improvements. The review also examines the under-explored approaches such as the use of beneficial stress-tolerant microbes, diversified cropping systems, and conservation agriculture. By integrating case studies from multiple geographic regions, it presents a comparative synthesis of context-specific successes and challenges. We suggest a framework to align technological innovation with policy support, farmer education and participatory stakeholder engagement. Special attention is given to the needs of smallholder farmers in climate-vulnerable regions. The review concludes by outlining actionable priorities, including the expansion of climate data services and the integration of ecological management practices to balance productivity with ecosystem health. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.