Methods of determining the mobility of musculoskeletal stumps and ocular prostheses. Literature review

Determination of the mobility of ocular prostheses and musculoskeletal stumps plays a key role in assessing the effectiveness of surgical treatment and prosthetics. The literature does not identify a universal method applicable to every clinical case. Existing methods range from simple instrumented approaches to modern digital technologies, such that the most appropriate method can be selected for each individual patient. There is a need to move further in this direction to create an optimal and universal method. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.