MOFs for (bio)chemical sensor devices

The potential applications of a family of porous substances called metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in chemical sensing have sparked a great deal of attention. The creation and synthesis of MOFs using a range of techniques, such as traditional procedures, microwave synthesis, electrochemical synthesis, mechanocompaction, and sonochemical synthesis, are examined in this thorough overview. The paper addresses contemporary issues in the field of chemical sensing while highlighting the principles of the subject and exploring the definition, significance, and necessary specifications of chemical sensor devices. The discussion then turns to MOFs as cutting-edge chemical sensing materials, explaining their special qualities, advantages, and future prospects in relation to other materials. The investigation encompasses electrical, electrochemical, electromechanical, and optical sensing techniques, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic MOF-based optical fiber sensors, and uses of MOF films and devices in chemical sensing. The topic of integrating MOFs into analytical devices is covered, with a focus on optimizing the integration of optical and electrical devices. Solid-state sensing applications using MOF-based sensors are used as examples. The study also describes developments in MOF-based wearables and smartphone sensors. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.