Anatomical insights and clinical implications of the persistent trigeminal artery: A cadaveric study utilizing latex injection techniques

Background: The persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is a rare embryonic connection between the internal carotid and basilar arteries. While typically regressing during development, it remains in some individuals, potentially leading to clinical concerns such as cerebrovascular complications or cranial nerve compression. A clear understanding of PTA anatomy is essential for neurosurgical planning and intervention, as its presence can affect blood flow dynamics and influence surgical strategies. Methods: This study involved a cadaveric analysis using a latex injection technique on a single male specimen. The brain was carefully removed, and a detailed seven-step injection process was employed to map the PTA. Microsurgical dissection was performed to document the artery's origin, path, branching patterns, and relationships with nearby structures. Measurements were taken using digital calipers, and high-resolution images were captured for further analysis. Results: The PTA was traced back to its origin at the posterior curve of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. It traveled posterolaterally into the posterior cranial fossa, dividing into medial and lateral branches. Variations observed included slight twisting near its origin. The medial branch contributed to the posterior circulation, while the lateral branch supplied the superior cerebellar artery. These findings provide valuable insights into the PTA's anatomy and its clinical implications. Conclusion: This study expands the understanding of PTA anatomy, emphasizing its importance in neurosurgical planning and procedures. Larger sample studies are needed to validate and broaden these findings. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.