Advancing urban sustainability: Applying GIS technologies to assess SDG indicators - a case study of Podgorica (Montenegro)

This article investigates the application of a model for calculating sustainable development goal indicator 11.7.1 using the example of Podgorica (Montenegro). Indicator 11.7.1 measures the proportion of open public spaces in relation to the total built-up area of the city, which is a key indicator of quality of life, social integration, and the sustainability of urban areas. Utilizing a methodology based on geographic information systems (GIS) analysis and detailed spatial planning documentation, data on various categories of public and green spaces, as well as street areas, were collected and analyzed. The GIS analysis model enables precise mapping and digitization of areas, while spatial planning documents provide necessary data for verification and compilation. The total area of open public spaces, including parks, squares, green areas, and streets, was calculated to be 1,028 ha. In comparison with the total built-up area of the city, which is 858.49 ha, the proportion of open public spaces is 119.75%. The results of this study highlight the importance of monitoring and improving public spaces for the sustainable development of urban environments. The proposed GIS analysis model and spatial planning methodology can serve as a basis for future research and application in other urban areas, enabling more accurate monitoring and improvement of citizens' quality of life. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.