Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Авторы
Zou Yibiao 1 , Zohner Constantin M. 1 , Averill Colin 1 , Ma Haozhi 1 , Merder Julian 2 , Berdugo Miguel 1 , Bialic-Murphy Lalasia 1 , Mo Lidong 1 , Brun Philipp 3 , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 3 , Liang Jingjing 4 , De Miguel Sergio 5, 6 , Nabuurs Gert Jan (G J.). 7 , Reich Peter B. 8, 9, 10 , Niinements Ulo 11 , Dahlgren Jonas 12 , Kändler Gerald 13 , Ratcliffe Sophia 14 , Ruiz-Benito Paloma 15 , De Zavala Miguel Angel 15 , Crowther Thomas Ward 1 , Abegg Meinrad 3 , Adou Yao Yves C. 16 , Alberti Giorgio 17, 18 , Almeyda Zambrano Angélica M. 19 , Alvarado Braulio Vilchez 20 , Alvarez-Davila Esteban 21 , Álvarez-Loayza Patricia 22 , Alves Luciana Ferreira 23 , Ammer Christian 24 , Antón-Fernández C. 25 , Araujo-Murakami Alejandro 26 , Arroyo Luzmila P. 26 , Avitabile Valerio 27 , Aymard Gerardo Antonio C. 28, 29 , Baker Timothy R. 30 , Balazy Radomir 31 , Bánki Olaf S. 32 , Barroso J.Gonçalves 33 , Bastian Meredith L. 34, 35 , Bastin Jean François 36 , Birigazzi Luca 37 , Birnbaum Philippe 38, 39, 40 , Bitariho Robert 41 , Boeckx Pascal 42 , Coulleri Juan Pablo 7 , Bouriaud Olivier B. 43 , Brancalion Pedro Henrique Santin 44 , Brandl Susanne 45 , Brearley Francis Q. 46 , Brienen Roel J.W. 30 , Broadbent Eben N. 47 , Bruelheide Helge 48, 49 , Bussotti Filippo 50 , Cazzolla Gatti Roberto 51 , César Ricardo Gomes 44 , Cesljar Goran 52 , Chazdon Robin L. 53, 54 , Chen Han Y.H. 55 , Chisholm Chelsea L. 1 , Cho Hyunkook 56 , Cienciala Emil 57, 58 , Clark Connie J. 59 , Clark David B. 60 , Colletta Gabriel Dalla 61 , Coomes David Anthony 62 , Valverde Fernando Cornejo 63 , Corral-Rivas José Javier 64 , Crim Philip 65, 66 , Cumming Jonathan Reast 65 , Dayanandan Selvadurai 67 , Gasper André Luís De 68 , Decuyper Mathieu 69 , Derroire Géraldine 70 , Devries Ben 71 , Djordjevic Ilija 72 , Doležal Jiří 73, 74 , Dourdain Aurelie K. 70 , Obiang Nestor Laurier Engone 75 , Enquist Brian J. 76, 77 , Eyre Teresa J. 78 , Fandohan Adandé Belarmain 79 , Fayle Tom Maurice 80, 81 , Feldpausch Ted R. 82 , Ferreira Leandro Valle 83 , Finér Leena 84 , Fischer Markus 85 , Fletcher Christine Dawn 86 , Fridman Jonas K. 12 , Frizzera Lorenzo 87 , Gamarra Javier G.P. 88 , Gianelle Damiano 87 , Glick Henry B. 89 , Harris David J. 90 , Hector Andy 91 , Hemp Andreas J. 92 , Hengeveld Geerten M. 7 , Herault Bruno 93, 94 , Herbohn John L. 54 , Herold M. 95 , Hillers Annika 96, 97 , Honorio-Coronado Euridice N. 98 , Hui Cang 99, 100 , Ibanez Thomas T. 39 , Iêda Amaral 101 , Imai Nobuo 102 , Jagodziński Andrzej M. 103, 104 , Jaroszewicz Bogdan 105 , Johannsen Vivian Kvist 106 , Joly Carlos Alfredo 107 , Jucker Tommaso 108 , Jung Ilbin 56 , Karminov Viktor N. 109 , Kartawinata Kuswata 22 , Kearsley Elizabeth 110 , Kenfack David 111 , Kennard Deborah K. 112 , Kepfer-Rojas Sebastian 106 , Keppel Gunnar 113 , Khan Mohammed Latif 114 , Killeen Timothy J. 26 , Kim Hyunseok 115, 116, 117, 118 , Kitayama Kanehiro 119 , Koehl Michael 120 , Korjus Henn 121 , Kraxner Florian 122 , Laarmann Diana 121 , Lang Mait 121 , Lewis Simon L. 30, 123 , Lu Huicui 124 , Lukina Natal’Ya Vasil’Evna Vasil’Evna 125 , Maitner Brian S. 76 , Malhi Yadvinder Singh 126 , Marcon Éric 39 , Marimon Beatriz Schwantes 127 , Marimon-Júnior Ben Hur 127 , Marshall Andrew Robert 54, 128, 129 , Martin Emmanuel Humbert 130 , Kucher Dmitry Evgenievich 131 , Meave Jorge A. 132 , Melo-Cruz Omar Aurelio 133 , Mendoza Casimiro 134 , Merow Cory 53 , Mendoza Abel Monteagudo 135, 136 , Moreno Vanessa De Souza 44 , Mukul Sharif Ahmed 137, 138 , Mundhenk Philip 120 , Nava-Miranda Maria Guadalupe 139, 140 , Neill David A. 141 , Neldner Victor John 78 , Nevenić Radovan V. 72 , Ngugi M. 78 , Niklaus Pascal Alex 142 , Oleksyn Jacek 103 , Ontikov Petr V. 109 , Ortiz-Malavasi Edgar 20 , Pan Yude 143 , Paquette Alain 144 , Parada-Gutierrez Alexander 26 , Parfenova Elena I. 145 , Park Minjee 4, 115 , Parren Marc P.E. 146 , Parthasarathy Narayanaswamy 147 , Peri Pablo Luis 148 , Pfautsch Sebastian 149 , Phillips Oliver L. 30 , Picard Nicolas 150 , Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez 101 , Piotto Daniel 151 , Pitman Nigel C.A. 22 , Polo Irina Mendoza 152 , Poorter L. 7 , Poulsen Axel Dalberg 90 , Poulsen John R. 59, 153 , Pretzsch Hans 154 , Ramirez Arevalo Fredy Francisco 155 , Restrepo-Correa Zorayda 156 , Rodeghiero Mirco 87, 157 , Rolim Samir Gonçalves 151 , Roopsind Anand 158 , Rovero Francesco 159, 160 , Rutishauser Ervan 161 , Saikia Purabi 162 , Salas-Eljatib Christian 163, 164, 165 , Saner Philippe 166 , Schall Peter 24 , Schelhaas Mart Jan 7 , Schepaschenko Dmitry G. 122, 131 , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael 167 , Schmid Bernhard 142 , Schöngart Jochen 101 , Searle Eric B. 144 , Šebeň Vladimír 168 , Serra-Diaz Josep Maria 53, 169 , Sheil Douglas 146, 170 , Shvidenko Anatoly Z. 122, 125 , Silva-Espejo Javier Eduardo 171 , Silveira Marcos 172 , Singh James 173 , Sist Plinio L.J. 93 , Slik Ferry W.Ferry 174 , Sonké Bonaventure 175 , Souza Alexandre Fadigas 176 , Miścicki Stanisław 177 , Stereńczak Krzysztof 31 , Svenning Jens Christian 178 , Svoboda Miroslav 179 , Swanepoel Ben 180 , Targhetta Natalia 101 , Tchebakova Nadezhda M. 145 , Ter Steege Hans H. 32, 181 , Thomas Raquel S. 182 , Tikhonova Elena V. 125 , Umunay Peter M. 183 , Usoltsev Vladimir Andreevich 184 , Valencia Renato L. 185 , Valladares Fernando 186 , Van Der Plas Fons 187 , Van Do Tran 188 , Van Nuland Michael E. 189 , Vasquez R.M. 135 , Verbeeck Hans 110 , Viana Hélder Filipe Dos Santos 190, 191 , Vibrans Alexander Christian 68, 192 , Vieira Simone Aparecida 193 , Von Gadow Klaus 194 , Hua-Feng Wang 195 , Watson James V. 196 , Werner Gijsbert D.A. 126 , Westerlund Bertil 12 , Wiser Susan K. 197 , Wittmann Florian Karl 198 , Woell Hannsjoerg 199 , Wortel Verginia 200 , Zagt Roderick J. 201 , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki Tomasz 202 , Zhang Chunyu 203 , Zhao Xiuhai 203 , Zhou Mo 4 , Zhu Zhixin 195 , Zo-Bi Irié Casimir 94
Journal
Nature Communications
Издательство
Nature Research
Номер выпуска
1
Язык
English
Статус
Published
Ссылка
Внешняя ссылка
DOI
10.1038/S41467-024-48676-5
Номер
4658
Том
15
Год
2024
Организации
  • 1 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 2 Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., United States
  • 3 Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
  • 4 College of Agriculture, West Lafayette, United States
  • 5 Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
  • 6 Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya, Solsona, Spain
  • 7 Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 8 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
  • 9 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Penrith, Australia
  • 10 Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, United States
  • 11 Plant Physiology work group, Eesti Maaülikool, Tartu, Estonia
  • 12 Department of Forest Resource Management, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, Sweden
  • 13 Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  • 14 NBN Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  • 15 Universidad de Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
  • 16 Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 17 Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 18 Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
  • 19 Department of Tourism, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
  • 20 School of Forestry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
  • 21 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogota, Colombia
  • 22 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
  • 23 Center for Tropical Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
  • 24 Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
  • 25 Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi, As, Norway
  • 26 Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
  • 27 European Commission Joint Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
  • 28 Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
  • 29 Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogota, Colombia
  • 30 School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  • 31 Department of Geomatics, Instytut Badawczy LeŜnictwa, Warsaw, Poland
  • 32 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 33 Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 34 National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States
  • 35 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
  • 36 TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Université de Liège, Liege, Belgium
  • 37 Forestry Consultant, Grosseto, Italy
  • 38 Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Noumea, New Caledonia
  • 39 Botanique & Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations, Montpellier, France
  • 40 CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
  • 41 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  • 42 Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
  • 43 Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Universitatea Stefan cel Mare din Suceava, Suceava, Romania
  • 44 Department of Forest Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • 45 Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
  • 46 Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 47 Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
  • 48 Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  • 49 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
  • 50 Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
  • 51 Department of Biology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 52 Department of Spatial Regulation, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 53 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
  • 54 Institute for Cancer Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
  • 55 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
  • 56 Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forestry Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  • 57 Ústav pro vyzkum lesních ekosystému s.r.o., Jilove, Czech Republic
  • 58 Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 59 Duke University, Durham, United States
  • 60 University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Biology, St. Louis, United States
  • 61 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 62 University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 63 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
  • 64 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 65 Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
  • 66 Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, College of Saint Rose, Albany, United States
  • 67 Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
  • 68 Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 69 World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 70 Campus Agronomique, Université des Antilles, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
  • 71 Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
  • 72 Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 73 Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
  • 74 Department of Botany, Jihočeská Univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
  • 75 IRET, Libreville, Gabon
  • 76 College of Science, Tucson, United States
  • 77 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, United States
  • 78 Queensland Herbarium, Australia
  • 79 Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
  • 80 School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  • 81 Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
  • 82 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • 83 Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil
  • 84 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
  • 85 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 86 Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
  • 87 Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
  • 88 Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  • 89 Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, United States
  • 90 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  • 91 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 92 Department of Plant Systematics, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
  • 93 Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 94 Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 95 GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
  • 96 Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Bedford, United Kingdom
  • 97 Liberia Office, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Monrovia, Liberia
  • 98 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 99 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 100 Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa
  • 101 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
  • 102 Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
  • 103 Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik, Poland
  • 104 Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu, Poznan, Poland
  • 105 Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  • 106 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 107 Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 108 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 109 Faculty of Forestry, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 110 Department of Environment, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
  • 111 ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, D.C., United States
  • 112 Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, United States
  • 113 University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
  • 114 Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar, Sagar, India
  • 115 Department of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 116 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 117 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
  • 118 Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Seoul, South Korea
  • 119 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
  • 120 Institute for World Forestry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 121 Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Eesti Maaülikool, Tartu, Estonia
  • 122 Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Laxenburg, Austria
  • 123 Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 124 Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
  • 125 Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 126 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 127 Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Caceres, Brazil
  • 128 Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  • 129 Flamingo Land Ltd., Malton, United Kingdom
  • 130 Department of Wildlife Management, The College of African Wildlife Management, MWEKA, Moshi, Tanzania
  • 131 RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 132 Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
  • 133 Universidad del Tolima, Ibague, Colombia
  • 134 Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  • 135 Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
  • 136 Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
  • 137 Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 138 Centre for Research on Land-use Sustainability, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 139 Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 140 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 141 Amazonia State University, Puyo, Ecuador
  • 142 Department of Geography, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 143 Climate, USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C., United States
  • 144 Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
  • 145 Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 146 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 147 Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
  • 148 National University of Patagonia Austral, Rio Gallegos, Argentina
  • 149 School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
  • 150 Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  • 151 Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
  • 152 Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
  • 153 Nature Conservancy, Arlington, United States
  • 154 Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
  • 155 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 156 Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellin, Colombia
  • 157 Centro Agricoltura, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy
  • 158 Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, United States
  • 159 Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
  • 160 Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
  • 161 Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 162 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
  • 163 Universidad Mayor, Providencia, Chile
  • 164 Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
  • 165 Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  • 166 Datascientist.ch, Wallisellen, Switzerland
  • 167 Faculty of Biology, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  • 168 Forest Research Institute, Slovakia, Zvolen, Slovakia
  • 169 Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
  • 170 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norges Miljø- og Biovitenskapelige Universitet, As, Norway
  • 171 Department of Biology, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
  • 172 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 173 Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 174 Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  • 175 Department of Biology, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  • 176 Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • 177 Department of Forest Management, Szkola Glówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie, Warsaw, Poland
  • 178 Department of Biology, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 179 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 180 Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States
  • 181 Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 182 Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Kurupukari, Guyana
  • 183 Yale School of the Environment, New Haven, United States
  • 184 Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
  • 185 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • 186 LINCGlobal, CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Madrid, Spain
  • 187 Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 188 Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • 189 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
  • 190 Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Vila Real, Portugal
  • 191 Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
  • 192 Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 193 Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 194 Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 195 Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Hainan University, Haikou, China
  • 196 Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
  • 197 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
  • 198 Department of Wetland Ecology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 199 Sommersbergseestrasse, Independent Researcher, Bad Aussee, Austria
  • 200 Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
  • 201 Tropenbos International, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 202 Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
  • 203 Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Ключевые слова
carbon; biodiversity; deciduous forest; ecotone; emergence; forest ecosystem; growth rate; mortality; Article; autocorrelation; biome; biosphere; climate; comparative study; controlled study; deciduous plant; evergreen; forest; hysteresis; leave one out cross validation; monoculture; Northern Hemisphere; performance; phenology; plant leaf; positive feedback; random forest; simulation; soil; survival rate; temperature; topography; tree growth; vegetation; chemistry; ecosystem; growth, development and aging; tree; Forests; Plant Leaves; Trees
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АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В ХХI ВЕКЕ

Monograph
Avatkov V.A., Apanovich M.Yu., Borzova A.Yu., Bordachev T.V., Vinokurov V.I., Volokhov V.I., Vorobev S.V., Gumensky A.V., Иванченко В.С., Kashirina T.V., Матвеев О.В., Okunev I.Yu., Popleteeva G.A., Sapronova M.A., Свешникова Ю.В., Fenenko A.V., Feofanov K.A., Tsvetov P.Yu., Shkolyarskaya T.I., Shtol V.V. ...
Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Издательско-торговая корпорация "Дашков и К". 2018. 411 с.