ОБЗОР ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ИСКОПАЕМЫХ НА СУШЕ, В МОРЕ И В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

How does one best subdivide nature into kinds? All classification systems require rules for lumping similar objects into the same category, while splitting different objects into separate categories. A 15-year study details the origin and diversity of every known mineral on Earth. Based on the numbers of root mineral kinds, their known varied modes of formation, and predictions of minerals that occur on Earth but are as yet undiscovered and described, we estimated that Earth holds more than 10 000 mineral natural kinds. Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are strongly enriched relative to the Earth's lithosphere in many rare and critical metals, including Co, Te, Mo, Bi, Pt, W, Zr, Nb, Y, and rare-earth elements (REEs). Radioactive Th concentrations are appreciably higher in the land-based deposits than in either type of marine deposit. A discussion of the differences between terrestrial and marine impacts and mine characteristics is also presented, including the potential for rare metals and REEs in marine deposits to be recovered as byproducts of mining the main metals of economic interest in nodules and crusts. Heavy minerals (HMs) are used in many high-tech applications (e.g. nuclear reactors, photovoltaic cells, electronics, green,and nanoand space technology), and thus global demand is increasing day by day. Heavy mineral deposits are categorised as primary (magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic) or secondary (weathered, eroded, and transported sediments) deposits. Titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element (REEs) bearing minerals are key industrial commodities in the current global market.