НАДУВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ВНЕ ЗЕМЛИ: ИЗУЧЕНИЕ УЧЕНЫМИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЯХ И ЛУННЫХ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯХ

The article explores the transformative potential of inflatable structures in space exploration, focusing on atmospheric entry systems and lunar habitats. These technologies address key challenges such as payload delivery, protection from harsh environments, and sustainable human habitation beyond Earth. A major highlight is NASA's LOFTID project, which successfully tested an inflatable heat shield for atmospheric entry. Using a hyper-sonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator (HIAD) made of high-strength synthetic fibers, the system demonstrated its ability to withstand extreme temperatures and forces during re-entry. The November 2022 test flight confirmed the feasibility of using inflatable aeroshells for safe deceleration, paving the way for future missions to planets like Mars or Venus. The article also examines Pneumocell, an Austrian company developing ultra-lightweight inflatable habitats for lunar settlements. Designed to be covered with regolith, these structures provide shielding against radiation, micrometeorites, and temperature extremes. A key feature is toroidal greenhouses that enable oxygen, water, and food production through symbiotic ecosystems. Reflective mirrors direct sunlight into the greenhouses, creating a natural environment for plants and humans. Materials like Dyneema® and Kapton® were chosen for their durability and resistance to space conditions. Challenges remain, particularly in protecting inflatable membranes from sharp lunar regolith particles. Innovative solutions, such as sifting and smoothing regolith, are proposed, but extensive testing of materials like TPU and Mylar® is still needed. Despite being in early stages, these projects highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and funding to advance space technologies. Inflatable structures hold the potential to revolutionize space exploration, making interplanetary travel and extraterrestrial colonization more feasible and sustainable. As research progresses, humanity moves closer to realizing the dream of habitable environments on other celestial bodies.