Biochar research in Africa: Bibliometric study, current trends, challenges, and the way forward

Biochar research in Africa addresses critical continental challenges but remains fragmented. In this study, the authors' analyzed 2493 articles (2008–2024) to identify trends, challenges, and opportunities in African biochar research. The findings show a growing interest in biochar research in Africa, with a focus on agricultural and environmental applications, and a strong presence of Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa in the field. Common feedstocks for biochar production in the region were also discussed. Biochar production in Africa commonly employs traditional methods using earth mounds, pit kilns, and portable metal kilns, as well as more technologically advanced reactors. Biochar applications in Africa encompass a range of sectors, including agriculture, where it enhances soil fertility, optimizes crop yields, and promotes plant growth, as well as water treatment, pollution mitigation, energy production, and construction materials. However, challenges such as lack of awareness, variable biochar quality, and insufficient financial investment and infrastructure hinder the development of biochar research in Africa. Solutions to these challenges were also proffered. This study assessed the current state of biochar research in Africa, identifying knowledge gaps, and informing policy and practice to harness the potential of biochar for sustainable development and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in the region. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.