The Role of Diet and Nutrition in Cancer Development and Management: From Molecular Mechanisms to Personalized Interventions

Diet plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression, beyond traditional risk factors. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the role of diet and specific nutrients in cancer development and progression, focusing on molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the potential of personalized dietary interventions, based on tumor and patient characteristics, in enhancing cancer prevention and treatment strategies. The review covers the impact of calories, protein, sugar, and other dietary components on signaling pathways and growth factors involved in carcinogenesis. We examine the influence of obesity, insulin resistance, and other metabolic factors on cancer risk and outcomes. The article also explores current dietary strategies, including calorie restriction, ketogenic diets, and the role of the gut microbiome in modulating response to anticancer therapies. Finally, we highlight the need for further research to develop targeted, personalized dietary recommendations based on an individual’s tumor profile, stage of disease, and other clinical factors. Integrating such personalized dietary approaches into cancer prevention and treatment holds promise for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.