Self-sustaining valorization of waste tree bark for simultaneous biochar, soot, and ash production

The inefficient disposal of biomass waste poses environmental and economic challenges, highlighting the need for sustainable valorization strategies. This study investigates the simultaneous production of biochar, soot, and ash from Daniella oliveri bark using a Top-Lit Updraft (TLUD) reactor, with the aim of maximizing resource recovery while minimizing waste. The thermochemical conversion process was optimized to yield three distinct carbonaceous materials. The thermal process was conducted at a peak temperature of 347.34 °C with a total carbonization/combustion time of 150 min. The results demonstrated that the biochar exhibited a porous morphology with high carbon retention, the ash was rich in mineral oxides suitable for soil amendment, and the soot possessed a high surface area, making it a promising candidate for adsorption and catalytic applications. The study introduces an integrated approach to biomass conversion, reducing dependency on external energy sources by utilizing the bark as both feedstock and fuel. This process presents a scalable alternative for biomass utilization, particularly in regions with abundant agricultural waste and limited industrial infrastructure. Its adoption could contribute to circular economy initiatives, enhancing sustainable material recovery while mitigating environmental pollution. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.