Fundus microcirculation in chronic heart failure (literature review)

This literature review examines changes in the retinal microvascular bed in chronic heart failure (CHF). In heart failure, vascular endothelial cells become a target for various pathophysiological processes leading to microvascular changes including retinal microvessels. Recently, the role of the microvascular system in heart failure has received increasing attention, and optical coherence tomography angiography is a non-invasive and valuable tool for assessing early microvascular changes in patients with CHF. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.