Optimizing Energy Efficiency via Small Cell-Controlled Power Management for Seamless Data Connectivity

The growing importance of energy-efficient networks capable of handling high data rates poses a significant concern for network operators. With the evolution of new mobile data network standards, there has been a surge in the number of subscribers and an increased demand for high-speed data traffic, enabling seamless streaming of social media content within seconds. Network operators are tasked with meeting consumer satisfaction, and to achieve high data rates and good signal quality, they have adopted the deployment of small cells. In this research, energy efficiency is enhanced through an investigation of the small cell-controlled scheme, which is then extended to incorporate a power control strategy based on throughput measurements. Additionally, energy consumption is reduced by adjusting the transmit power based on traffic patterns. Specifically, during periods of normal traffic, the power utilization is set at 40% of the total power, while in times of increased traffic intensity, 60% of the total power is allocated. This traffic intensity-based power distribution scheme results in a 13–15% increase in energy efficiency compared to the small cell-controlled sleep mode. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.