The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks

AbstractThe density of wood is a key indicator of the carbon investment strategies of trees, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here we analyse information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to 30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems.

Авторы
Mo Lidong 1 , Crowther T.W. 1 , Maynard D.S. 1, 2 , Van Den Hoogen Johan 1 , Ma Haozhi 1 , Bialic-Murphy Lalasia 1 , Liang Jingjing 3 , De-Miguel Sergio 4, 5 , Nabuurs Gert-Jan 6 , Reich P.B. 7, 8, 9 , Phillips O.L. 10 , Abegg Meinrad 11 , Adou Yao Y.C. 12 , Alberti Giorgio 13, 14 , Almeyda Zambrano A.M. 15 , Alvarado B.V. 16 , Alvarez-Dávila Esteban 17 , Alvarez-Loayza Patricia 18 , Alves L.F. 19 , Amaral Iêda 20 , Ammer Christian 21 , Antón-Fernández Clara 22 , Araujo-Murakami Alejandro 23 , Arroyo Luzmila 23 , Avitabile Valerio 24 , Aymard G.A. 25, 26 , Baker T.R. 10 , Bałazy Radomir 27 , Banki Olaf 28 , Barroso J.G. 29 , Bastian M.L. 30, 31 , Bastin Jean-Francois 32 , Birigazzi Luca 33 , Birnbaum Philippe 34, 35, 36 , Bitariho Robert 37 , Boeckx Pascal 38 , Bongers Frans 6 , Boonman C.C. 39, 40 , Bouriaud Olivier 41 , Brancalion P.H. 42 , Brandl Susanne 43 , Brearley F.Q. 44 , Brienen Roel 10 , Broadbent E.N. 15 , Bruelheide Helge 45, 46 , Bussotti Filippo 47 , Gatti R.C. 48 , César R.G. 42 , Cesljar Goran 49 , Chazdon Robin 50, 51 , Chen H.Y. 52 , Chisholm Chelsea 1 , Cho Hyunkook 52 , Cienciala Emil 54, 55 , Clark Connie 31 , Clark David 56 , Colletta G.D. 57 , Coomes D.A. 58 , Valverde F.C. 59 , Corral-Rivas J.J. 60 , Crim P.M. 61, 62 , Cumming J.R. 61 , Dayanandan Selvadurai 63 , De Gasper A.L. 64 , Decuyper Mathieu 6 , Derroire Géraldine 65 , Devries Ben 66 , Djordjevic Ilija 49 , Dolezal Jiri 67, 68 , Dourdain Aurélie 65 , Engone Obiang N.L. 69 , Enquist B.J. 70, 71 , Eyre T.J. 72 , Fandohan A.B. 73 , Fayle T.M. 74, 75 , Feldpausch T.R. 76 , Ferreira L.V. 77 , Finér Leena 78 , Fischer Markus 79 , Fletcher Christine 80 , Frizzera Lorenzo 81 , Gamarra J.G. 82 , Gianelle Damiano 81 , Glick H.B. 83 , Harris D.J. 84 , Hector Andrew 85 , Hemp Andreas 86 , Hengeveld Geerten 6 , Hérault Bruno 87, 88 , Herbohn J.L. 51 , Herold Martin 89 , Hietz Peter 90 , Hillers Annika 91, 92 , Honorio Coronado E.N. 93 , Hui Cang 94, 95 , Ibanez Thomas 96 , Imai Nobuo 97 , Jagodziński A.M. 98, 99 , Jaroszewicz Bogdan 100 , Johannsen V.K. 101 , Joly C.A. 102 , Jucker Tommaso 103 , Jung Ilbin 53 , Karminov Viktor 104 , Kartawinata Kuswata 18 , Kearsley Elizabeth 105 , Kenfack David 106 , Kennard D.K. 107 , Kepfer-Rojas Sebastian 101 , Keppel Gunnar 108 , Khan M.L. 109 , Killeen T.J. 23 , Kim H.S. 110, 111 , Kitayama Kanehiro 112 , Köhl Michael 113 , Korjus Henn 114 , Kraxner Florian 115 , Kucher Dmitry 116 , Laarmann Diana 114 , Lang Mait 114 , Lewis S.L. 2, 10 , Li Yuanzhi 117 , Lopez-Gonzalez Gabriela 10 , Lu Huicui 118 , Lukina N.V. 119 , Maitner B.S. 70 , Malhi Yadvinder 120 , Marcon Eric 121 , Marimon B.S. 122 , Marimon-Junior B.H. 122 , Marshall A.R. 51, 123, 124 , Martin E.H. 125 , Mccarthy J.K. 126 , Meave J.A. 127 , Melo-Cruz Omar 128 , Mendoza Casimiro 129 , Mendoza-Polo Irina 130 , Miscicki Stanislaw 131 , Merow Cory 50 , Mendoza A.M. 132, 133 , Moreno V.S. 42 , Mukul S.A. 51, 134 , Mundhenk Philip 113 , Nava-Miranda M.G. 60, 135 , Neill David 136 , Neldner V.J. 72 , Nevenic R.V. 49 , Ngugi M.R. 72 , Niklaus P.A. 137 , Ontikov Petr 104 , Ortiz-Malavasi Edgar 16 , Pan Yude 138 , Paquette Alain 139 , Parada-Gutierrez Alexander 23 , Parfenova E.I. 140 , Park Minjee 3, 110 , Parren Marc 6 , Parthasarathy Narayanaswamy 141 , Peri P.L. 142 , Pfautsch Sebastian 8 , Picard Nicolas 143 , Piedade M.T. 144 , Piotto Daniel 145 , Pitman N.C. 18 , Poorter Lourens 6 , Poulsen A.D. 84 , Poulsen J.R. 31, 146 , Pretzsch Hans 147, 148 , Arevalo F.R. 149 , Restrepo-Correa Zorayda 150 , Richardson S.J. 126 , Rodeghiero Mirco 81, 151 , Rolim S.G. 145 , Roopsind Anand 152 , Rovero Francesco 153, 154 , Rutishauser Ervan 155 , Saikia Purabi 156 , Salas-Eljatib Christian 157, 158 , Saner Philippe 159 , Schall Peter 21 , Schelhaas Mart-Jan 6 , Schepaschenko Dmitry 115, 160 , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael 161 , Schmid Bernhard 137 , Schöngart Jochen 144 , Searle E.B. 139 , Seben Vladimír 162 , Serra-Diaz J.M. 40, 163 , Sheil Douglas 6, 164 , Shvidenko A.Z. 115 , Da Silva A.C. 165 , Silva-Espejo J.E. 166 , Silveira Marcos 29 , Singh James 167 , Sist Plinio 87 , Slik Ferry 168 , Sonké Bonaventure 169 , Sosinski E.E. 170 , Souza A.F. 171 , Stereńczak K.J. 27 , Svenning Jens-Christian 40 , Svoboda Miroslav 172 , Swanepoel Ben 173 , Targhetta Natalia 144 , Tchebakova Nadja 140 , Ter Steege Hans 28, 174 , Thomas Raquel 175 , Tikhonova Elena 119 , Umunay P.M. 176 , Usoltsev V.A. 177, 197 , Valencia Renato 178 , Valladares Fernando 179 , Van Bodegom P.M. 180 , Van Der Plas Fons 181 , Van Do Tran 182 , Van Nuland M.E. 183 , Vasquez R.M. 132 , Verbeeck Hans 105 , Viana Helder 184, 185 , Vibrans A.C. 64, 186 , Vieira Simone 187 , Von Gadow Klaus 188 , Wang Hua-Feng 189 , Watson J.V. 61 , Werner G.D. 190 , Wittmann Florian 191 , Woell Hannsjoerg 192 , Wortel Verginia 193 , Zagt Roderick 194 , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki Tomasz 195 , Zhang Chunyu 196 , Zhao Xiuhai 196 , Zhou Mo 3 , Zhu Zhi-Xin 189 , Zo-Bi I.C. 88 , Zohner C.M. 1
Журнал
Nature Ecology and Evolution
Издательство
Nature Publishing Group
Язык
Английский
Статус
Опубликовано
Год
2024
Организации
  • 1 ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)
  • 2 University College London
  • 3 Purdue University
  • 4 University of Lleida
  • 5 Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC)
  • 6 Wageningen University and Research
  • 7 University of Minnesota
  • 8 Western Sydney University
  • 9 University of Michigan
  • 10 University of Leeds
  • 11 Snow and Landscape Research WSL
  • 12 University Félix Houphouët-Boigny
  • 13 University of Udine
  • 14 National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)
  • 15 University of Florida
  • 16 Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC
  • 17 Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD)
  • 18 Field Museum of Natural History
  • 19 Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA
  • 20 National Institute of Amazonian Research
  • 21 University of Göttingen
  • 22 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO)
  • 23 Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado
  • 24 Joint Research Center
  • 25 Herbario Universitario (PORT)
  • 26 Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife
  • 27 Forest Research Institute
  • 28 Naturalis Biodiversity Center
  • 29 Universidade Federal do Acre
  • 30 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  • 31 Duke University
  • 32 University of Liege
  • 33 Forestry Consultant
  • 34 Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC)
  • 35 Univ Montpellier
  • 36 CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD
  • 37 Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology
  • 38 Ghent University
  • 39 Radboud University
  • 40 Aarhus University
  • 41 University of Suceava
  • 42 University of São Paulo
  • 43 Bavarian State Institute of Forestry
  • 44 Manchester Metropolitan University
  • 45 Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
  • 46 Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
  • 47 University of Firenze
  • 48 University of Bologna
  • 49 Institute of Forestry
  • 50 University of Connecticut
  • 51 University of the Sunshine Coast
  • 52 Lakehead University
  • 53 Korea Forest Promotion Institute
  • 54 IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research
  • 55 Global Change Research Institute CAS
  • 56 University of Missouri-St Louis
  • 57 Universidade Estadual de Campinas
  • 58 University of Cambridge
  • 59 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
  • 60 Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango
  • 61 West Virginia University
  • 62 The College of Saint Rose
  • 63 Concordia University
  • 64 Universidade Regional de Blumenau
  • 65 Campus Agronomique
  • 66 University of Guelph
  • 67 The Czech Academy of Sciences
  • 68 University of South Bohemia
  • 69 Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST)
  • 70 University of Arizona
  • 71 The Santa Fe Institute
  • 72 Department of Environment and Science
  • 73 Université Nationale d'Agriculture
  • 74 Queen Mary University of London
  • 75 Institute of Entomology
  • 76 University of Exeter
  • 77 Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia
  • 78 Institute Finland (Luke)
  • 79 University of Bern
  • 80 Forest Research Institute Malaysia
  • 81 Fondazione Edmund Mach
  • 82 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  • 83 Glick Designs LLC
  • 84 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
  • 85 University of Oxford
  • 86 University of Bayreuth
  • 87 University of Montpellier
  • 88 National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB)
  • 89 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg
  • 90 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna
  • 91 The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
  • 92 Liberia Office
  • 93 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana
  • 94 National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Stellenbosch University
  • 95 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
  • 96 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD
  • 97 Tokyo University of Agriculture
  • 98 Polish Academy of Sciences
  • 99 Poznań University of Life Sciences
  • 100 University of Warsaw
  • 101 University of Copenhagen
  • 102 Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
  • 103 University of Bristol
  • 104 Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
  • 105 Department of Environment, Ghent University
  • 106 CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
  • 107 Colorado Mesa University
  • 108 University of South Australia
  • 109 Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
  • 110 Seoul National University
  • 111 National Center for Agro Meteorology
  • 112 Kyoto University
  • 113 University of Hamburg
  • 114 Estonian University of Life Sciences
  • 115 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
  • 116 Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
  • 117 Sun Yat-sen University
  • 118 Qingdao Agricultural University
  • 119 Russian Academy of Sciences
  • 120 School of Geography and the Environment
  • 121 Université de Montpellier
  • 122 Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso
  • 123 University of York
  • 124 Flamingo Land Ltd
  • 125 College of African Wildlife Management
  • 126 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research
  • 127 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
  • 128 Universidad del Tolima
  • 129 Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba
  • 130 Jardín Botánico de Medellín
  • 131 Warsaw University of Life Sciences
  • 132 Jardín Botánico de Missouri
  • 133 Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco
  • 134 United International University
  • 135 Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS)
  • 136 Universidad Estatal Amazónica
  • 137 University of Zürich
  • 138 USDA Forest Service
  • 139 Université du Québec à Montréal
  • 140 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
  • 141 Pondicherry University
  • 142 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
  • 143 GIP Ecofor
  • 144 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
  • 145 Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia
  • 146 The Nature Conservancy
  • 147 Technical University of Munich
  • 148 University Valladolid
  • 149 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana
  • 150 Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE
  • 151 University of Trento
  • 152 Conservation International
  • 153 University of Florence
  • 154 MUSE—Museo delle Scienze
  • 155 Info Flora
  • 156 Banaras Hindu University
  • 157 Universidad de Chile
  • 158 Universidad de La Frontera
  • 159 Rhino and Forest Fund e.V.
  • 160 Siberian Federal University
  • 161 University of Freiburg
  • 162 Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen
  • 163 INRAE
  • 164 Norwegian University of Life Sciences
  • 165 Santa Catarina State University
  • 166 Universidad de la Serena
  • 167 Guyana Forestry Commission
  • 168 Universiti Brunei Darussalam
  • 169 University of Yaoundé I
  • 170 Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia
  • 171 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
  • 172 Czech University of Life Sciences
  • 173 Wildlife Conservation Society
  • 174 Utrecht University
  • 175 Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC)
  • 176 Yale University
  • 177 Ural State Forest Engineering University
  • 178 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
  • 179 CSIC
  • 180 Leiden University
  • 181 Wageningen University
  • 182 Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
  • 183 Stanford University
  • 184 Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (IPV)
  • 185 Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados
  • 186 Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau
  • 187 University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
  • 188 University of Stellenbosch
  • 189 Hainan University
  • 190 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford
  • 191 Karlsruhe Institute for Technology
  • 192 Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse
  • 193 Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS)
  • 194 Tropenbos International
  • 195 Coordination Center for Environmental Projects
  • 196 Beijing Forestry University
  • 197 Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
Ключевые слова
ecological modelling; forest ecology; plant ecology
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АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В ХХI ВЕКЕ

Монография
Аватков В.А., Апанович М.Ю., Борзова А.Ю., Бордачев Т.В., Винокуров В.И., Волохов В.И., Воробьев С.В., Гуменский А.В., Иванченко В.С., Каширина Т.В., Матвеев О.В., Окунев И.Ю., Поплетеева Г.А., Сапронова М.А., Свешникова Ю.В., Фененко А.В., Феофанов К.А., Цветов П.Ю., Школярская Т.И., Штоль В.В. ...
Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Издательско-торговая корпорация "Дашков и К". 2018. 411 с.